Proto-Indo-European Roots
This is
a first draft, based on Bird’s summary of Pokorny.
Bird
claims to have all Pokorny’s fundamental roots (i.e., without extensions).
Note the
use of the following symbols:
@ = schwa
and in
particular:
c = k’ j = g’ q = kw
Pokorny
does not recognise laryngeals, so has long vowels.
Here vowel
length is shown by the colon, so that a: means “long a”.
a ah ab
water
abel apple abh
swift
abo:(n) monkey
abhr strong
ad at
ad to fix ades
type of grain
ad(u) water course aj to
drive
aj he-goat ajh pregnant animal
ajher day
agh to be depressed
agh unpleasant
aghl(u) dark cloud
agos blemish agro- tip
agwsi axe aghWnos
lamb
ai (exclam) ai
to close in
ai to give ai
to burn
ai significant talk aidh to burn
ayer day(light) aij
goat
aig out of humour aig oak
aig to move violently aighW to be ashamed
a(i)jh to need
aic spear
aik to call ayos
metal
aira type of grass ais to wish
ais to respect aisk
clear bright
aitros bitter aiw
life force
ac to eat ac
to eat
akka mummy
acru tear
aq to damage aqa
water
al beyond al
to grow make
al to wander about al to burn
al to grind ala
hello
albhi barley
albho white
aldh trough
aleq to ward off
algh frost
algwh to gain earn
alp small weak alu
bitter plant
alu beer bitter ambhi around both
am to seize amer day
ames blackbird amma
mummy
an relatives an
other there
an to breath an
along
andh to sprout
andho blind dark
an@t duck an@ta
doorpost
anjh narrow
anjhen scent
angwi snake ank
force
ank to bend ano
ring
ans well inclined ansa noose bow
ansu spirit ants front brow
antrom hollow cave ap to
grasp
ap water ap
fragile harm
appa daddy apelo
strength
apero bank of river apo off
away
apsa aspen tree ar
to fit suit
ar to share ar
nut
ar now therefore ar to
renounce
ar(@) to plough ardh stake
ardi tip sting areg
to shut away
arj glittering areq
to protect
arenko type of grain ario
lord
arqu something bent arod water bird
arom reed arwa
intestines
as to burn glow at to go year
at(e)r fire ati
name of fish
ati beyond atos
mummy daddy
au exclamation of pain au to stay
overnight
au down au
that other
aw to plait; weave aw to speak
aw to like aw
to be aware of
aw to sprinkle aw to
blow
awe: to strain
aweg to increase
awi bird aws
to shine
aug to glitter augh nape of the neck
awij type of grass; oats auq cooking pot
aulos pipe awos
maternal grandfather
aus to draw; scoop bab to swell
baba babbling badyos
yellow; brown
baita goatskin bak
staff as support
bal to whirl bamb
bump
bamb to swell band
drop of liquid
bata astonishment bau
bow-wow
bdel to suck be: baa
bed to swell bel
to jut out
bel strong bend
tip
bu dull noise bu
to blow up
bistle gall blat
to prattle
ble: to bleat
blou flea
bol bulb brangh
hoarse
bruq to jump bronk
to shut in
bu lips bha:
to glisten
bha: to speak bhabha: bean
bhad good bhag to apportion
bhag sharp bha:gos beech tree
bha:ghus elbow; forearm bhar something jutting
bhardha beard bhareq to stuff full
bhares barley bhasko bond; bundle
bha:so bird of prey bha:t to hit
bhau to hit bhe beside; outside
bhe (emphasis) bhe: to warm; roast
bhedh to stab; dig bhedh to crook; bend
bheg to smash bhe:gh to dispute
bhegw to run away bhei bee
bheid to split bheidh to encourage
bhei to hit bheigw to glitter
bhel glittering white bhel henbane
bhel to blow up bhel
leaf; bloom
bhel beam bhel to resound
bhla:g slack; silly bheld to poke; hit
bhelg to glisten bhelu to hit; weaken
bheljh to swell bhen to hit; wound
bhend to sing; rejoice bhendh to tie; bind
bhenjh thick; dense bher to carry; bring
bher to well up bher to work with sharp tool
bher to hum; buzz bher glittering; brown
bher to roast; bake bher to weave; plait
bheredh to
cut bherg to drone; bark
bher@j to glitter; white; birch bherejh high; noble
bher@c to glitter bherem to stand out
bherem to buzz; hum bheres quick
bhreu to surge bherjh to hide
bhrug throat bhes to rub off
bhes to breathe bheu to grow; prosper
bheudh to awaken bheug to flee
bheug to put away bheug to bend
bheug to enjoy bhidh pot; vat
bhili even; good bhlaj to hit
bhlajh-men
wizard bhle:
to howl
bhle:d to
bubble up bhlegw to become bloated
bhlei to glitter bhlei to blow up
bhle:ij to
glitter bhleiq to glitter
bhlendh dim; reddish bhles
to glitter
bhleu to blow up bhle:u to glitter
bhle:u weak; miserable bhleu to burn
bhle:wos a
light colour bhleus slack
bhl@idos light; pale bhlij to hit
bhlo:k wool; flock bhlosq (sounds)
bho:g flowing water bho:gh mud; swamp
bho:i to be afraid bho:k to flame; burn
bho:lo mist; steam bho:rgwos gruff
bho:sos naked bho:udhi victory
bho:uqos humming insect bhrag to smell
bhre:ter brother bhred to wade
bhrej to
break bhrej to stand up stiff
bhre:i to cut bhren
to bulge
bhrendh to swell up bhrenk
to bring
bhrenc to be ensnared bhren-to-s deer
bhres to burst bhreu to sprout
bhreu to cut bhreu
edge
bhreuc to stroke bhreus to swell
bhreus to break to pieces bhreus to bluster
bhro:isqo
bitter taste bhru
eyebrow
bhru beam bhrug to enjoy; fruit
bhrughno twig bhudhmen ground
bhughos he-goat da: to flow; fluid
da: to divide da:iwer husband's brother
dacru tear da:u
to burn
d@jhmo slanting
de (demonstrative)
de: to tie de:g to pack
dei to glitter brightly dey@ to swing; spin
deijh to itch
deic to show
dec to take dec
to rip to pieces
decm ten del
to aim; calculate
del to totter; shake del to split
del to dribble del
long
dem to build dem@ to tame
demel worm denc
to bite
dens great mental power dens dense
deph to stamp; thrust
der span of hand
der to grumble der
to run
der to skin derbh to wind
der(p) to see der@
to work
dergh to grasp derc
to look
deru tree des
to find
deu to sink in deu
to venerate
deu to move forward deuk to pull
deup dull thud d@jhmos slanting
digh goat
dipro sacrificial
animal
dlku sweet dnjhu
tongue
do: to give do:us arm
dre: to sleep
drejh unwilling; vexed
dumb penis dus
evil; bad; mis-
dwei to fear dwo: two
dhabh to be astonished dhabh to fix; suit
dhal to bloom dhanu type of tree
dhau to strangle dhe:dhe: older member of family
dhe: to set dhe: to pass away
dheb thick; firm dhebh to injure
dhegwh to burn dhe:i to suck(le)
dhey@ to see; look dhe:igw to stab
dheigwh to
knead clay dhel hollow
dhel to light dhel to tremble
dhelbh to dig dhelg to stab; needle
dhelgh to hit dhem to fly like dust
dhembh to dig dhen to run; flow
dhen flat of hand dhen to hit; thrust
dhengh to press dhengh to reach
dher dirt dher to hold
dher to growl dher to jump
dherder dirt
dra:gh to pull
dherbh to work dherbh coagulated
dhergh (berry) dherjh to turn
dhers to dare dhe:s (religious)
dheu to run; flow dheu to pass away
dheu shining bright dheu to fly about
dheub deep; hollow dheubh peg; wedge
dhews to fly about dheugh to touch; press
dhlas to squash dhlgh guilt; duty
dho: to sharpen dho:(u) rope
dhrebh to break; grind dhrej to pull
dhregh to run dhregh to torment
dhreibh to
drive; thrust dhreu to crumble
dhreugh to
tremble dhreugh to deceive
dhrigh hair; bristle dhrono brightly coloured
dhuga:ter
daughter dhwen
to sound; drone
dhwer to harm dhwer door
dhwergh dwarf-like
e near to
e (exclamation) e (demonstrative)
ebhi up to
ed to eat
edh tip edh fence of stakes
eg lack ej to speak
ej i: ejhero lake
ejhi hedgehog ejhs out of
egnis fire ehem
(exclamation)
ei to go ei
(exclamation)
ei bright; reddish ei stake; shaft
eibh to copulate
eig to lament
eik to lossess
eis to move vilently
eis ice ecwos
horse
el (colour) el
to be mouldy
el (onomatapoeia) el to destroy
el to drive el
hungry
el to bend; elbow e:l strip
e:la: awl
elg needy
elkos abscess em
to take
embhi gnat; bee
en in
en year e:n
behold
enebh navel enebh damp; water
enek to reach eneu
without
e-neuen nine engw
bump; swelling
eno that en(o)mn
name
enos burden enq
to sigh
ent to plot; originate epero wild boar
epi near to e:pi companion
epop (call of bird) eph to cook
er eagle er
he-goat
er to set in motion er earth
er loose ereb
to hollow out
erebh (dark colour)
ered to flow away
eregwo pea; legume
erek mite; louse
er(e)k to split eres
to stab
eres to flow ereu
to seek
ereu to rip up er@
to row; oar
er@ to rest er@d
to grow; high
ergh to shake erq to beam
ers backside es
to be
esus good; able e:s to sit
espen summer; harvest esr(gw) blood
etn kernel; corn e:ter intestines
eti beyond e:ti eiderduck
e:t-men breath e:tro quick; violent
eu to lack; empty eu to dress
eu to feel eu
(cry of joy)
e:udh udder
euk to accustom
oneself
eus to burn ewegwh to speak formally
jab to look out for gag something round
gal bald; naked gal to
call
gal to be able gan(dh) vessel
gang to mock; scorn gar to call
gar@j dreadful gau
to be glad
jhebh branch; bough jhegh branch; pale
ge:i to bend ge:
to sing
je:i to sprout
geid to stab; tickle
jeid to suck geij
to stab; bite
jeis gravel; stone gel to form a ball
gel to envelop gel(@)
to freeze; cold
jel bright gelebh to scrape
gli mouse jlo:w
husband's sister
gem to grasp jembh to bite
jem to marry gen
to press together
jen to produce jen
to recognise
genebh plug; pin
geng lump
gengh to turn
jenu knee
jenu chin(bone) jep
to eat; jaw; mouth
ger to collect ger
to call hoarsely
ger to turn
ger to grow; awaken
jer rotten gerebh to slit
jers to turn ge:u to bend
jeu to promote; hurry gulo glowing
coal
jeus to taste; enjoy g(y)eu to chew
glag milk glej
soft; tender
jlei to attack gleubh to cut
glogh barb; tip
gol to lie; camp
gol twig; bough gou to
call
gow@ hand gras
to eat (of animals)
gre:bhos
white beech gred to
scratch
grem to be damp greus
to crumble
greus to burn; smoulder greut to press; crush
gro:d hail
gru to grunt
ghagha: to
chatter ghabh to seize
ghabhlo fork of branch jha:gwh young of animal
ghaido he-goat ghais to remain fixed
jhaiso stick ghaita:
curly hair
jhal harm; crime jhalg pliable twig
jhan to yawn jhan-s goose
jhasto pole; rod jhau
to call
ghawo false jhdem earth; floor
jhdyes yesterday jhdu fish
ghe (emphasis) jhe: to be empty; leave
jhe: to yawn ghebhel gable; head
ghed to shit; hole ghedh to unite
ghegh to bend
jejh polecat
jhei to drive; wound jhei snow; winter
gheidh to desire gheijh to desire
gheis to be roused ghel to call
jhel to shine; (colour) jhel to cut
jhe:la: wine gheldh to desire
gheljh metal ghel@d ice
gheljh gland ghel-ond intestines; stomach
ghel-o:u
turtle ghel-to:
to be worth
gheluna:
jaw ghen
to gnaw
ghend to grasp; seize ghendh abscess
jhengh to stride gher (onomatopoeia)
gher to rub gher to jut out
jher to desire jher to scratch; slit
jher to beam jher to grip; seize
jher bowel jher short; small
jherdh to embrace ghers revulsion
ghers weed jhers to stare
gherto milk; butter jhersd barley
jheslo a
thousand jhesor hand
jhesto hand; arm jheu to pour
jheu to disappear; die jhe:u to yawn
gheub to bend gheujh to do sth. secretly
gheweya:
pit; hollow jhlad
to call; resound
ghleu to be happy jho: behind
ghoilos frothing up ghom stall
ghos to eat ghostis guest; stranger
ghow to be aware of ghou-ros
?
ghous to sound; hear ghre: to grow; green
ghrebh to grasp ghrebh to scratch; dig
ghredh to stride ghre:i to stroke
ghreib to grip ghrem to rub
ghrem to resound ghren to streak past
ghrendh beam ghre:u to collapse
ghre:u to rub past ghroud (curved body part)
gwa: to go; come gwadh
to dive
gwe:bh to dive in gwe:bh slimy
gwedh to thrust; injure gwei to complain
gwei to thrust together gwey to live
gwe:i skin gweidh mud
gwey@ to overpower gwel to stab
gwel to drip gwel oak
gwelbh womb gwena woman
gwer to swallow gwer heavy
gwer mountain gwer(@) to raise one's voice
jwer to be hot; shine gweru pale;
split
gwes to extinguish
gwes branches
gwet resin gwet to talk
gwet swelling gwiya: sinew
gwistis finger gwiu resin
gwltur vulture gworgwor dirt
gwou bull; cow gwo:u dung
gwosd nail; penis gwrebh fruit of the body
gwreig to sleep gwrendh to
swell
gwretso thick; big gwre:ujh to
grind one's teeth
gwhdei to perish gwhder to run; flow
gwhedh to ask for gwhe:i bright
gwhei@ vein; tendon gwhel to want
jhwel to become bent jhwelg to look at
gwhemb to jump happily jhwen to resound
gwhen to swell gwhen to swell
jhwer wild animal gwher hot; warm
jhwoigw to
shine jhwo:q to shimmer
gwhre: to smell gwhren diaphragm; mind
ha (exclamation) haha (laughter
il mud ili
groin
ya to be excited yag to venerate
yagh to hunt; desire
yam to dig
ye: to throw
yeg ice
yegwa: strength (of youth)
yek to speak
ye:k to heal
yeqr(t) liver
ye:lo unripe
yem to hold
yen@ter sister-in-law yes
to bubble up
yet to let fly at sth. yeu to mix
yeu to tie up yeu
young
yeudh to be in violent motion
yeuj to excite; rouse
yeuni right place yewo grain
yewos statute; rule yoini
reed
york deer yo:(u)s
to gird
yu her yu
(exclamation of joy)
ka: to like; desire
ka (particle) well!
kad to damage kadh to protect
cad to fall cad
to sparkle
ca:d spiritual depression
kajo goat
kagh to grasp
kaghlo pebble
kai alone kai
and
kai heat kai-ko
one-eyed
kaic to scratch; comb kailo whole;well
kais hair kaito
wood; forest
kaiwrt cleft;hollow kakka to
defecate
ka:k cracking sound cak to
become thin
cak to enable; help ca:k to jump
ca:k branch
kal hard
kal beautiful kal to be caught
kalni narrow passage kamer to vault; bend
kamp to bend kan
to sing
kand to shine kantho corner
kap to grasp ka:p piece of land
kapo swamped by water kapro he-goat
kaput head kapho
hoof
kar to revile kar to praise aloud
karkar hard ka:r
wax
kars to scratch cas
grey
cas to show the way kat to plait
kat to have young cat to fight; struggle
kau to humble ka:u to hew; hit
kau to howl kau(@)la:
swelling
kaul hollow
kaus to draw lots
ked to smoke keg
peg
ke:i to set in motion
cei to lie; camp
cei dark brown; grey ce:i to sharpen
ce:ibh fast; violent
keid to fall
ce:igh fast; violent
ceip to slant; slope
ceipo stake keis
arm
kec weasel keku
hammer-shaped stick
keko green fodder ceq
dung
kel to rage; tower up kel to stab
kel to hew; hit kel bright and dark spots
kel to drive kel
to call
kel beaker ke:l to dumbfound
cel cold; warm cel
to bow; incline
cel thin shaft cel
to hide
celb to help keleu
to wander
kl@wo bald; bare kelg
to wind around
kelp jug; pot kem
to press together
kem to hum; croon cem pole; stick
cem hornless cem
to cover; conceal
cem(@) to make tired kem@ bite
kemero name of plant kmer
animals with armour
ken to pinch ken
to scratch skin
ken to come forth freshly ken to strive
cen empty kn@ko
golden colour
kenk to gird kenk
to burn; injure
kenk back of knee; heel cenk to dangle
cens to announce kenth rag
cent to stab ker
hoarse
ker to burn ker
cherry
kor to hang ker
grey
cer upper body cer
to grow
cer to plait; string cer to wound; injure
cerbero chequered kerd
to gird
kerd skilled manually cerdho row; herd
kered heart kerem
onion
ker(@)p shoes; leather kerc to
shrivel up
cer@ to mix kerm
to tire; rest
kerno chin-bone ce:ro (colour)
kers dirty colour cers to
bristle
cers to run kert
to turn
kes to scratch; comb
ces to cut
ket space; room keu to
pay attention
keu to bend ceu
to swell
ceu to shine ceu to totter
ceu to set alight ceub thorn
keu@d to shout kew@p
to smoke
ce:wero north wind
ceuk to light
ceuc to mix kik
jay
cik strap cik
to dribble
cicer pea cion
pillar
ciph thin pliable twig
kisto: plaited container
kla: to lay down
kla:dhra: alder tree
klau to weep kle:g to shout; scream
clei to lean; bow kleic to
press; pain
klem slack kleng
to bend
kleno- maple klep
damp
clep to secrete kle:p to hold in lap
kle:u hook cleu
to hear
cleu to swill clouni
buttock; hip
kneigwh to
incline kneug (onomatapoeia)
knid louse co this
kob to fit well koi
creaking
koilo miserable; naked coino grass
kois to worry koko
clucking
kocsa: part of the body
kol@ to spin
col@mos stem; reed koli
glue
kom alongside kon@mo
shin-bone
conk to be in doubt conkho mussel
copelos carp kopso
blackbird
corka: gravel; grit
cormno liquid; wine
cormo torment; pain koros war;
army
koslo hazel kost
leg; bone
crapo roof kra:(u)
on each other
crebh to entrust
kred beams
kreg to torment krei
to stroke
crei to shine krek
to hit
krek frog or fish spawn krek to tower; jut out
krep body; form kre:p strong
kret to shake kret
to hit
kreu clotting blood kreu to clash; fall
kreu to thrust; hit kreup scab
kreut to shake krom
lattice-work
kroksko arm cru:s
thigh; leg
kru:t vault; breast
csa: to burn
kseip to throw; toss csero dry
keubh to totter
kseud to stamp into
pieces
ctei to settle kte:i to attain; gain
ku kiss cu:
pointed; stake
cudh dung
kuku cuckoo
cup shoulder kwak
to quack; croak
kwat to ferment cwei
mud; mire
cwei to twitter cwei
to shine
cwek to gape cwel
muddy
kwel@k bale kwelp
to buckle at the knees
kwelp to vault cwen
to celebrate
cwendhro (plant)
kwerp to turn
cwes to pant kwe:t to shake
kwoi to wish; want cwon dog
kwres small wood khakha (exclamation; laughter)
qasio plaited work qa:s to cough
qe and (enclitic) qed to stab; bore
qei to respect; punish qei to pile up
qey@ to rest comfortably qec to appear; see
qel to turn qel
far off
qel to swarm qem
to swallow
qene (particle) qenth to suffer
qer to make; form qer dish
qera to chew; grind qetwer four
qo (interrog or relative) qrei
to buy
qrmi worm; maggot qsep
dark
la: (onomatapoeia)
la: to be hidden
lab to lick labh to seize
lagh to cut
lai lard; fat
laidh to cut; injure
laiwo on the left
la:(i)p to
shine lak to lick
lac to sprinkle
laku puddle; ditch
lama puddle; swamp la:p cow
las greedy lat
damp; wet
ka:u to take as booty
lauko throat
leb to hang slack leg to dribble; drip
leg to worry about sth lej to gather; collect
legh to lie down
lej twig; branch
lej to crawl legwh light in movement
lei to disappear lei slimy
lei to pour le:(i) to
want
le:(i) to grant; possess le:(i) to leave behind
leid to play; joke leig needy; sad; ill
leig form leig
to hop; tremble
leig to tie; bind leijh to
lick
leik to sell leiq
to let; leave over
leip to smear leip
to desire
leis to track; furrow leit to abhor; detest
leit to go away; die leisd edge; hem
lek to blame lek
limb of body
le:k tendril; trap
le:k to tear to pieces
lem to break to pieces lem agape
lendh wetness; spring
lendh loins; kidney
lendh heath; free land
leng to bend
lengh to scorn
lenk to bend
lento pliable lep
(onomatapoeia)
lep peel; skin lep
rock; stone
le:p to be flat
lerd to shrivel up
lerg smooth; even les to
collect
le:s slack
leto burning; heat;
anger
le:to warm time; summer
letro leather
leu dirt leu
to cut off
le:u to leave behind
le:u stone
le:u (onomatapoeia)
leubh to like; love
leud to duck down leudh to grow up
leug to bend leug
swamp; blackish
leuj to break leugh to tell lies
leugh oath
leuk to shine; light
leup to peel; break off le:ut raging
lino linen loj
rod
lorga: stick; club
lou to wash
lus louse ma: to wave hand
ma: good ma: mother
mad to drip; wet magh to be able
maghos young
maj to knead
majh to struggle
mai to hew
mai to stain; dirty mak skin; leather bag
mak to dampen; wet ma:k to knead
mak(en) poppy mako
gnat
mac long and thin makhos frisky
mand hurdle mano
damp; wet
manus human being marko
horse
math (biting insects)
math hoe; mattock
ma:ter mother
mauro tired; weak
masdos pole; mast me
me
me middle me: lest
me: to mow
me: to measure
me: big me: to be influenced
med to measure med
to swell
medhi middle
medhu honey
megh well-disposed
mej big
mei to fix mei
to change
mei to wander; go mei to
tie
mei to lessen; small mei (high cries)
mei soft; mild meigh to flicker; blink
meijh to urinate
meigw to change
meic to mix meino
opinion
meis to flicker meit
place to stay
meit to change mek
to bleat
mel to grind mel
to miss; deceive
mel to hesitate mel
strong; big
mel limb mel
(dark colour)
mel wool; woollen garment mel
to come forth
meldh to pray
meldh lightning
melj to wipe; milk meljh to swell
melit honey melk
to stroke
melk wet me:lo
small animal
melo:dh elevation; head
mels to taste sth
membh to reproach
me:mso flesh; meat
men to rise men to tread down
men to think men
to reduce; small
men to remain mend
to suck(le); breast
mend(a:)
mistake mendh to think about
mengh copious; much
men(@)k to knead
meng to beautify mni
(name of fish)
me:no:t month
menth to swirl
menth to chew
mer to plait; weave
mer to flicker mer
to blacken; spot
mer to die mer
to rob; rub
mer to disturb mer@dh to
bubble up
merej edge; frontier meregh to moisten
merj to cast off meryo
young man
merc to grasp; seize merk to rot
merk vexacious m@r
hand
meu damp mew
to push away
me:udh to intend
meug to lurk
meug to slip meuc to scratch; slit
mesg to dive down mesg to
knit; knot
misdho reward; pay mo: to trouble oneself
mo:d to meet
modhro blue; plant dye
moisos sheep; pelt mocs
soon
molko leather bag mono
neck
mori sea mormor
to murmur
mormo(ro) dread; horror moro
blackberry
morwi ant mo:(u)lo plant; root
mo:(u)ro
stupid mosgo
marrow; brain
mosjhos young bullock
mrk edible root
mreghm(n)o
skull mrejhu
short
mu humming sound mu fly; gnat
muk heap mu:s
mouse; muscle
mutos stunted; curtailed
na: to help; use
na: to be afraid na:gwh sober
nak pelt nana
(lulling word)
nant to dare nas
nose
na:us ship
na:u death; corpse
ne (negative particle) ne we
nebh to burst
ned to turn; twist
ned to sound; bellow nedo reed
nejh to bore; stab
nei to lead
nei to be excited neid to abuse
neid to flow; stream neigw to wash
neik to winnow grain ne:ik to assail;
assault
nec corpse; destruction neq(t) night
nem to apportion nem to bend
nepo:t nephew
ner life-force; man
ner below ner
to break in
nes to unite ne:tr snake
neu to call; praise neu to push
neud to grasp for sth. neudh to desire; lust
for
neuk dark; unclear neuks to scent
newos new nogw
naked
nogwo tree
no:t buttock; back
nu now ndhos
under
nsi dirt nsis
sword
o to with o: (exclamation)
obhel to sweep
od to smell
od aversion odgo
stem
o:g to grow; fruit oid to swell
ok lofty octo(u)
eight
o:cus quickly
oq to see
ol(e) to destroy om
raw; coarse; bitter
omsos shoulder om@
to go energetically
ond stone; rock oner
dream
ong coal ongw to anoint
ono to revile; abuse onogh fingernail;
toenail
op to work op
to choose
o:r to talk; call
orbho orphan
orew bowels orjhi testicle
ort vine o:s ash tree
ost bone oug
cold
o:(w)yom
egg owis
sheep
o:us mouth o:us ear
osdos branch osgho bud; twig
pa: to feed
pak to fix
pan woven fabric pandos crooked
pank to swell pap(p)a
food; father
par to show; be visible parika: concubine
pa:sos relative
pasto firm
paus free; loose pa:uson (name of god)
ped to hold; grasp ped foot
peg shoulder; hip pe:(i) to hurt
pey(@) to be fat; swarm peig to mark; distinguish
peij to be hostile peim(i) swift; rapid
peis to trample peis
to blow
peisk fish pec
to make pretty; happy
pec to pluck peq
to cook
pel to pour pel
to set in motion; meal
pel to fold; to hide; skin pel
vessel
pel to sell; earn
pel grey
pel to burn; be warm pel@ broad; flat
pelis rock pelc
to turn
pelpo woollen pen
to feed
pen mud; swamp penqe
five
pent to tread; go per to
spray
per beyond per
to hit
perd to break wind perg pole; stem
perg fear perk
to fill up
perk glowing ash perc
rib; breast
perc speckled perc to rip up; open
perc to ask perqus
oak
pers to srpay persna: heel
perth pole; stick
pes to blow
pe:s dust; sand
pes penis
pet to stretch out pet to tumble down
peu to purify peu
to explore
pe:u to hit; sharp
peuc to stab; box
pewo:r fire
pesd to blow softly
pa:ter father
pid to bear children
piko lumpy; knot pilo hair
pin piece of wood pip to squeak
pisda: vulva
plab to prattle
pla:k broad; flat
pla:k to hit
plat broad; flat ple: to split off
ple:i bald; naked
plec to plait
ple:c to rip off
pleu to run; flow
pleuk flock; feather plumon lung
pleus to pull out pl@i to
parade; show off
plouto sth made of sticks pneu to pant; breathe
pnksti fist po:i
to pasture
po:i to drink
polo swollen; thick
porco pig pos
next to; behind; in front
poti opposite; towards potis master; lord
po:u small
pougo clear; pure
pra: to bend
pra:i to like; spare
preg greedy; violent prep to catch sight of
pret to understand preu to jump
preus to freeze; burn pris to make small
pro:cto backside; rump
prso garlic; leek
pster sneeze ptelya
type of tree
pu to blow up pu
to rot; stink
puk thick-haired puk to press together
pulo stiff hair pu:ro grain; kernel
phol to fall rabh
to be in a rage
ra:p vegetable rape
ras to resound
re: dark
rebh to move; hurry
rebh to vault re:d to cheer up
re:d to scrape; gnaw
reg to dye
reg to see rej
straight
rej damp regwos
darkness
rei to scratch rei
striped
rei to scream rei
possession; thing
reibh to sound
reid to lean on
reidh to ride a vehicle
reig to tie
reij to stretch out reik to stretch; totter
reirei to quake re:ito joint of animal
rek to tower up rek to
arrange
rec to bind
recth to injure
rem to rest remb
to hack; hoe
rendh to rip
rent thing
rep to grap re:p to crawl
re:p stake; beam
ret to run; roll
re:t pole; stick; stem
reu to bellow
reu to rip up; dig reub to belch
reudh red
reughmen cream
reus elm resmen
to ruminate; throat
reuto stomach rew@
to open
resg to plait; weave ruk fabric; spun yarn
rksa: fetlock
rktos bear
sa: enough
sa:g to scent out
sa:i pain; illness
saip enclosure
sak to sanctify sal
salt
sal grey salo
wavy
sanos healthy sap
to taste
sasyo crops saus
dry
sawel sun se
aside; one's own
sed to sit seg
to sow
seg to attach sejh to hold fast
sei to drip se:i to sieve
se:i to dispatch
se:i to tie
se:idh to aim; go straight
seik to reach; grip
seiq to pour out seip to
pour out
sek to run off (water) sek to cut
sek to leave behind seq to follow
seq to notice sel living-space
sel beam; board sel to
take; seize
sel to jump sel
to creep; crawl
sel favourable selj
to let free
selk to pull selos
swamp; lake
selp butterfat sem
to draw; scoop
sm one; together sem summer
se:mi half
sen to prepare
sendhro coagulated
sengw to fall; sink
sengwh to sing
seni for oneself
senk to burn sen(o)
old
sent to go sep
to concern oneself with
septm seven ser
to stream
ser to protect ser
red
ser to line up ser
sickle
serk plaited work serp to
creep; crawl
seu juice seu
to give birth to
seu to bend seu to seethe
seug afflicted; sad sew@ to leave behind
sewyo left sye:(u)ro
brother-in-law
syu: to sew
skabh to support
(s)ka:i bright
(s)kai to hit; cuff
sca:i to shimmer
(s)kamb to bend; crook
(s)ked to split sced
to cover
skei to cut; separate skeibh slanting
(s)kek to jump (s)kel
to cut
(s)kel to be guilty (s)kel to
dry out
(s)kel to bend (s)cel to jump
skhel to stumble
(s)cem deformed
(s)ken(d) to split off skendh to dive under
(s)keng to hobble (s)kep
to cover; hide
(s)kep to split; cut (s)ker to
wrinkle up
(s)ker to jump (s)ker
to turn; bend
(s)ker to cut sker(d)
dung
(s)kerbh to
turn (s)kerdh pitiful; small
(s)kerts across; through ske:t to jump
ske:th to injure; damage
(s)keu to prepare
(s)keu to cover skeu
to sneeze
ske:ut to cut
sceu to throw
skeub to shoot; throw skeud unwilling
(s)keud to throw; shoot (s)keup
bunch
(s)keut to shrivel up scle:k to spray;
wet
skordho pan
skot shadow
(s)kut to shake (s)qalos
large fish
skwerb to prick skwoy
thorn
(s)lagw to
seize; grasp slak to hit
(s)le:g slack
(s)legw to press; maltreat
(s)leidh to
slide; slippery (s)leig to hit
sleuk to wind; turn (s)leu
slack
sleubh to slide
(s)leug to swallow
(s)leuj to slide (s)leup
to hang down
(s)li blue slougo helping;
serving
(s)lrg (onomatopoeia) sme
truly
sme: to smear
smeg to taste
(s)mei to smile sme:i to carve
smeit to throw smek
chin; beard
smel to smoulder smel
grey
(s)mer to think of smerd to
stink
smeru grease; fat (s)meukh to smoke
smog heavy; burdensome sna: to flow
(s)nadh to
cut in (s)ne: to twine threads
(s)ne:bhri
narrow; thin sneigwh snow
sneit to cut sne:p
to twist to rope
(s)ner to growl; snarl (s)ner to turn
(s)nerb to cut sne:u
to turn
sneubh to woo; marry
sneud to sleep
sneud fog; foggy snusos
daughter-in-law
so(s) the; this solo
whole
so:(u)ra calf of leg
spako small drop
spe: long
spej to watch closely
(s)pe:i sharp; pointed
spei to pull
spe:i to prosper
spec to spy; watch
(s)pel to shout; loud (s)pel to
split off
(s)pel to glitter (s)pelg
to split
speljh spleen; milt
(s)pen(d) to pull
(s)pen wooden pail spend to offer a drink
spe(n)d to quiver speng
to glitter
speno nipple; breast (s)per spar
sper(g) name of bird; sparrow sper to turn; wind
(s)perh to rip; rag sper to
quiver
(s)per to strew; sow sper ball
of dung; pill
sperd to quiver (s)pereg
to quiver
sperjh to hurry
(s)peud to press
(s)piko large bird (s)pingo
sparrow; finch
(s)pye:u to
spit; spew (s)plei to split
(s)pleijh to
spread legs (s)poimno foam; spray
spreig to overflow sraqto
sharp-edged
srebh to sip
sredh to spout
(s)reigh to
clamber srenk to snore
sre:no part of body
sresk to drip
sreu to flow sreup
dirt
srig cold; frost sromo
lame
sta: to stand stag to trickle
(s)ta:i to
steal; do secretly sta:i to condense
sta:k to stand
stebh post
(s)teg to cover; roof; house (s)teg pole; stake
stegh stick; stalk
(s)tei pointed
steibh stake
(s)teig to prick
steigh to stride; climb
(s)teigw shoulder; arm;
thigh
(s)teigwh
to endure (s)tel
to urinate
stel to stretch out; broad stel to place
stem to puch; thrust (s)ten loud noise; thunder
sten to hem in; narrow (s)ter stiff; rigid
ster star ster
to steal; rob
ster strip; beam ster to
spread out
ster barren (s)tern
prickly plant
(s)ter dung; dark liquid sterg to pay attention to
(s)teu to thrust; hit steu to
praise aloud
steu@ to coagulate stilp to
shine; look
stomen mouth storos starling
streig to stop streig
stiff
(s)treig to hiss strenk
tense; tight
(s)trep to make wild noises stru old man
su good; well su:s pig
su:ro sour; bitter
su:s to whistle (wind)
su:s creator; producer
swa:d sweet
sward to laugh swei to whistle; pipe
swei to bend; turn sweid to glisten
sweid to sweat swe:id milk
swek to smell swekru
husband's mother
swecs six s(w)eqos
sap; resin
swel(k) to swallow swel
to smoulder
swel sole of foot swelo
brother-in-law
swelplos sulphur
swem to set in motion
swein to resound (s)wendh to dwindle
sweng to bend; swing swenk to be heavy; pregnant
swento active; healthy swep to sleep
swep to throw swer
to speak
swer to buzz swer
stake
swer to cut; prick swerbh to turn
swergh to care; trouble
swesor sister
swi to dwindle swombhos spongy
swordos black ta:
to melt
ta:d to act (cautiously)
tag to touch
ta:g to put
tak to be silent
ta:l to turn green
tap to dip into
tap to press together tata
daddy
taus calm; silent teg to
burn
tegu fat; think tek
to bear; produce
tek to stretch out hand for tek
to weave; plait
tec to plait teq
to run; flow
tel to lift; weigh tel flat
tel to be still; calm telejh to hit
telek to push telp to have room
te to cut tem
stunned
tem(@) dark temp
to stretch
ten to stretch ten@gos
bottom of water
teng to wet tengh to pull
tenk to pull tenk
to contract
tens to stretch tenus
thin
tep to be warm ter
to quiver
ter tender; weak ter to rub; bore
ter to get over ter
through
ter gnawing insect terd to bore through
tergw to threaten
terk to turn
terp to satisfy oneself ters to dry; thirst
tetr to chatter (birds) teu to notice
te:u to swell
teuk germ; sprout
teup to crouch down teus to empty
tew@ to sift; riddle titi bird-song
tyegw to step back; shy to
the
tolq to talk; reveal tong to think; feel
top to reach somewhere tor loud
tra:gh to pull
treb beam; building
treg to use force trei
three
treisti sulky trek
to pull
trem to trip trenk
to thrust
trenk to wash trep to trip; trample
trep to turn away tres to
quiver
treu to prosper treud
to squash
triy@to wet element tris
vine; stem
trosdos thrush trudes
leprosy
trus reed tutu
bird-cry
tu thou tulo
slow
twak to embrace; bind
twak to bathe
twakos skin twei
to hew
twei to shake twenjh to close in
twer to turn twer
to hold
twerc to cut twibh hollow like a pipe
two:(u) pipe
u (owl noise)
ub to press down ud upwards
udero belly ul
howl
uper over; above upo
below
wa: to hit wa: apart
wab to call; cry wadh pledge
wa:dh to go; stride
wag sheath
wag to cry; shriek wagh to shriek
wai woe; wolf wai
weak; miserable
waka: cow
wal to be strong
wanc beam wap
to chatter
wap to call wa:t to be excited; better
wat to bend wasd wide; long
we we webh
to weave
wedh to hit
wedh to lead
wedh to tie
weg to weave
wej to be strong wegw to dampen
wegh to move
w@g to be curved
wei to turn wei
to wither
wei to attack weid
to turn
weid to see weidh to separate
weik to sort out weik
strong
weik to happen weik to bend
weic house weip
to turn
weis to sprout weis
to turn
weis to flow wek
to bend
w@k to be bent wek
to want; wish
weq to speak wekti
thing
wel to see wel
to want; choose
wel to press; crowd wel hair; wool
wel to deceive wel
warm
wel to turn wel
to tear
welk to pull welk
damp
wem to vomit wen
to strive
wendh to turn
wendh to wane
wendh hair; beard
weng to be bent
wengh to be bent
wep water
wep to throw; strew wer to tie
wer raised place wer to turn
wer to find; take wer to shut
wer to speak formally wer to tear up; open
wer to notice wer
wide
wer to be friendly wer to burn
wer squirrel; weasel wra:d twig; branch
werdh to grow
werj to shut off
werj to be effective; do werj to swarm; swell
werna poplar wers to trail
wren sheep wes
to tarry; live
wes to feast wes
to dampen; wet
wes to stick; stab wes to clothe
wes to turn; wrap wes to buy; sell
wesperos evening wesr
spring
wesu good wet
year
wi apart; in two
wi (onomatopoeia)
widhu tree
wicmti twenty
winj elm wiros
man
wyeth to shake
wlek to light; shine
wlqos wolf wlp
animal of prey; dog
wobhsa: wasp
wogwhnis ploughshare
wokso wax wo:ro
dizziness; madness
wortoko quail wrajh
thorn
wrajh to hit
wreg to thrust
wre:j to break
wren to splash
wreth to support wrughyo rye